Common Names of Bones

Collarbone -                Clavicle

Forearm -                     Radius and Ulna

Front Hip Bones -       Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

Kneecap -                    Patella

Breast or Chest bone - Sternum

Upper Arm -                 Humerus

Thigh Bone -                 Femur

Tailbone -                     Coccyx

Spine or back bones -   Vertebral Column

Sit Bones -                     Ischial Tuberosity

Shoulder Blade -            Scapula

Shin -                             Tibia

Ribcage -                       Thoracic Cavity

Hips -                              Pelvis

Tendons joints muscles to Bone.

Ligaments joints Bone to Bone.

Skeletal Joints :

Adult skeleton is made up of 206 bones.

Plant hormones

• Plants hormones are called phytohormones these are those chemicals which regulates growth of plants.
• Plants don't have glands to secrete and store hormones.
• These are following types :
• 1. Abscisic acid.
• 2. Cytokinins 
• 3. Auxin
• 4. Gibberellins.
• 5.Ethylene

       Abscisic acid : 

• Abscisic hormone is a most important plant growth regulator.
•  Hormone helps in abscission. (Abscission is a process by which plants sheds their leaf, fruits, and parts of plants.)

     Cytokinins: 

• Cytokinins were isolated from yeast cells.
• Hormone influence cell division and cell elongation.

      Auxin:  

• Auxin hormone inhibit the growth of buds.
• It is a first class growth regulator hormones.
• It effects 

Some facts

Tomato is Red due to the presence of Lycopene.


Turmeric is Yellow due to presence of Curcumin.
 

Colour of Carrot is due to presence of Carotene.
  


Some times Potato is green due to presence of Solanine .it is a toxin so green potato should not be eaten.
  

Apple is red due to presence of Anthocynin.


Papaya is yellow due to presence of caraxanthin.
 

Beet is dark red due to presence of Betalin.
 

Onion contains Sulfenic acid, due to this tear appears in Eyes.
 

Red colour of Onions is due to presence of  anthocyanidins.

Plants harmones that induced cell division is Kinins.

महत्वपूर्ण पादप रोग ( Some plant disease)

रोग (Disease )                                                  बैक्टीरिआ (Bacteria)

नीबू का कैंकर रोग -  ( citrus  canker)                 Xanthomonas citri
 
.
सेव , गुलाब , टमाटर का क्राउन गाल -                  Agrobacterium tumefaciens .
( Crown gall of apple ,rose ,tomato)











एंगुलर लीफ स्पॉट ऑफ़ कॉटन
 (Angular leaf spot of cotton )                          Xanthomonas malvacearum .                 

आलू का स्कैब - (Scab of potato )                          Streptomyces scabies
 

धान का अंगमारी -                                                   Xanthomonas oryzae
 (Blight of paddy )
                                         
.
                                 
टमाटर ,आलू और तम्बाकू का विल्ट -                        Pseudomonas solanacearum
(Wilt of tomato ,potato and tobacco )
  .         

Vitamins

v Vitamin is a vital nutrient which is not sufficiently synthesizes in the body , it must require from diet.

v Vitamins are made up of protein or fat.

v Vitamins required in very minute quantity for normal metabolism and body functions .

v The Ancient Egyptians knew that eating a Liver would cure Night Blindness disease which is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin –A.

v In 1912 Casimer Funk First used word Vitamin.

v Hopkin and Funk gave the Vitamin Theory.

v Earlist Known Vitamin is –Vitamin C.

v Earlist extracted vitamin is –vit. B.

v Vitamins are divided into following types :

v Fat soluble Vitamins :- A, D, E, K.

v Water Soluble Vitamins :- B, C.

v Vitamin: A  (retinol) – Discovered by Macollum.

v Source – Carrot, papaya, mango, liver, egg, & cod liver oil.

v Deficiency – Night blindness ( Nyctolopia,Henerolopia),Keratomalasia, Xeropthalmia.

v Stored in Liver.

v Vitamin : D ( Calciferol) .

v It is important for Teeth and bones.

v It synthesized in our skin by the effect of ultra violet rays .

v It regulates the absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus.

v Cod liver is the best source of Vitamin –D, other source- milk,egg yolk.

v Deficiency of vitamin-D causes Rickets in Children.

v Ostiomalesia in Adults ( softening of bones).

v Vitamin : E (Tocopherol).

Some Important Facts( Biology)

ü  Longest bone : Femur ( thigh bone) .

ü  Smallest bone : Ear ossicle, stapes .


    Cerebellum is Called Small brain.

•     DOTS (Directly observed treatment, short-course) Treatment is given to Tuberculosis.

•    Tuberculosis is also called white plague.

ü  Normal BP : 120/80 mm-Hg.

ü  Life span of Rbc : 120 days.

ü  Life span of Wbc : 3-4 days.

ü  Life span of platelets : 8-10 days.

ü  Ph of blood : 7.4 

   Rarest Blood Group - (AB Negative)

ü  Ph of urine : 6

ü  Ph of milk : 6.8

ü  Universal blood donar : O Rh(-).

ü  Universal blood recipient : AB.

ü  Normal body Temperature : 98.4degree F.

ü  Dental formula : adult – 2123/2123= 32 , child : 2120/2120= 22 .

ü  Maximum power of Regeneration : Liver.

ü  Minimum Power of Regeneration : Neuron.

ü  Rate of Breathing  : 12 to 20/ min.

   Infant Breathing : 30 to 60/min.

ü  Weight of Brain : 1400gm.

ü  No. Of Cranial nerves : 12 pairs.

ü  No. Of Spinal Nerves : 31 pairs.

ü  Earth worms Respires through skin so it called cutaneous respiration.

ü  Fish respires through Gills.

ü  Frog respires through both skin &( gills – In Larval stage) .

ü  Largest Fish is shark.

ü  Fish which generates electricity is known as Torpedo.

ü  Largest mammal’s on Earth : Blue whale.

ü  Largest terrestrial on earth : African elephant.

ü  Joker of animal kingdom is called PPLO ( Pleuro pneumonia like organism )

ü  Largest life span in Tortoise (200 years ).

ü  Shortest life span : may (fly 1 day).

ü  Snake poison is called venom, & medicine given after bite is called Anti-venom.

ü  The only snake which makes Nest is King cobra.

ü  The venom may be two types :
 1): Neurotoxic  -  it affects Nervous system (Cobra). And

 2): Chemotoxic – it affects circulatory system( viper & sea snake).

ü  Hydra does not contain blood but respires.

ü  Saffron is obtained from stigma of flower.

ü  Cloves is obtained from buds of flower.

ü  Cinnamon is obtained from the bark of the tree.

ü  Quinine( malarial medicine) is obtained from bark of the cinchona tree.

ü  Dendrology is known as estimation of Age of tree.

ü  Aestivation  - it is called summer sleep by cold blooded animals.

ü  Hibernation- it is called winter sleep by cold blooded animals.

ü  The smell of onion and garlic is due to presence of sulphur compound.

ü  Fructose is found in honey.

ü  Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke.

ü  A prokaryotic cell does not have Nuclear membrane.

ü  The structural proteins found in animals is called Kerotin.

ü  Cellulose is made up of B-glucose units.

ü  The digestive juice which lacks Enzymes is called bile juice.

ü  BCG is used to care Tuberculosis.

ü  Main alkaloid in coffee is Caffeine.

ü  Ruminants are those animals which’s stomach contains four compartments, generally they eat raw materials as Grass, first they eat and later regurgitated and chew it and swallow it. Ex. Cow, Buffalo, dear, cattle, giraffe , camel , goat, sheep etc.

ü  Non Ruminants are those which do not have many compartments as Rumen , they once eat and swallow it .Ex – human, cat ,dog , etc.

Dendron conducts nerve impulses from a synapse to the cell body.

Synapse is a type of junction where nerve impulse passes. 

Striped muscles are also called Skeletal muscles because it helps in movement of skeletal parts. Also some other parts. 

Unstriped muscle: it is a involuntary muscle, which contracts without conscious.

Blood transfusion:  Simply the blood is given to any person during surgery. It was discovered by James blundell. 

The brain and spinal cord are made up of nerve cell and glial tissues. 

Glial: it does not conduct electrical impulse, it helps in support of CNS.

Cyton: basically it is a cell body of nerve cell. (central part of a neuron). 

Axon: it functions out the electrical impulses that  transmits information to muscles. 

Filaria: it is a parasitic rounds worm disease,  which is transmitted by mosquito and caused by wuchereria bancrofti.

Gambians fever: it is caused by the pathogen Trypanosoma gambiense (sleeping sickness). 

Cold blooded: Animals belongs to Amphibian, reptiles and fish..

Calm worms: it is in the phylum of Annelid. 

Basically animal Kingdom is divided into two parts. Vertebrates and Invertebrates.

Peripatus is a connecting link between Annelida and Orthopoda. 

Ostrich is the biggest running bird..s nerve impulses from a synapse to the cell body.