MCQ#2 Homeostasis

MCQ #1 PROTOZOA

Chapter 1 Cell (class 8 NCERT science)

Cell was discovered by Robert hooke in 1665.

He observed slices of cork under a simple  magnifying device. cork is a part of the bark of tree.

 He took thin slices of cork and observe them under a microscope he noticed partitioned boxes or compartment in the cork slice.

Amoeba is a single cell that has no definite shape like other organisms , it keeps on changing its shape it is due to formation of pseudopodia which facilities movement and help in capturing food.

Pseudopodia means false feet.

For example -

 WBC in human blood is a type of single cell which change its shape but amoeba is also a single cell but it is a full fledged organism capable of independent existence.

Membrane provides shape to the cell of plants and animals.

Cell wall is found in the plants which are made up of cellulose it gives shape and rigidity to these cells bacteria also have cell wall.

The smallest cell is 0.1 to 0.5 micrometre in bacteria.

The largest cell measuring 170 mm into 130 mm is the egg of an ostrich.

Cell membrane -

The basic component of cell or cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus the cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed within the cell membrane also called plasma membrane. the membrane separates cell from one another and also the cell from the surrounding medium.

 the plasma membrane is a porous and allows the movement of substance or materials both inward and outward.

Cytoplasm

it is the jelly like substance present between the cell membrane and nucleus various other components are organelles of cells are present in the cytoplasm these organelles are mitochondria Golgi bodies ribosomes lysosomes centrosome ribosome etc.

Nucleus

Nucleus is an important component of the cell it is also called brain of cell.

it is generally spherical and located in the centre of the cell it can be stained and seen easily with the help of microscope.

 nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called nuclear membrane.

 this membrane is also porus and allows the movement of materials between the cytoplasm and inside of nucleus.

 with the microscope of higher magnification we can see a small spherical body in the nucleus it is called nucleolus.

 in addition, nucleus contains thread like structure called chromosomes they carry genes and help in inheritance or transfer of character from parents to the offsprings.

 The chromosome can be seen only when the cell divides.

The entire content of a cell is known as protoplasm it was discovered by purkinje.

It includes cytoplasm and nucleus protoplasm is called the living substance of cell.

Large vacuole is found in plants and smaller vacuoles is found in animal cells.

Coloured body is called plastids are found in the plant cells only green plastic container chlorophyll are called chloroplast.

Asked in IAS Exam 2018⤵️

Q.1 Consider the following pairs of Terms sometimes seen in news vs Context /Topic: 

1. Belle II experiment: Artificial Intelligence
2. Blockchain technology: Digital/ Cryptocurrency
3. CRISPR — Cas9: Particle Physics

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched ?

1. 1 and 3 only
2. 2 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

CRISPR-Cas9

Why in News ?

A Chinese researcher recently claimed that he had altered the genes of a human embryo that eventually resulted in the birth of twin girls. The genes were claimed to be “edited” to ensure that they do not get infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

What is CRISPR-Cas9?

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing technique.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables Scientists  and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence.

CRISPRs - clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (sections of DNA).

Cas9 - CRISPR-associated protein 9

Cas9  is  an enzyme and acts as a pair of ‘molecular scissors’ that can cut the two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome so that bits of DNA can then be added or removed. 

A piece of RNA called  guide RNA (gRNA). This consists of a small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence located within a longer RNA scaffold. 

This makes sure that the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the genome.

The guide RNA is designed to find and bind to a specific sequence in the DNA. 

Some bacteria have a similar, built-in, gene editing system to the CRISPR-Cas9 system that they use to respond to invading   virus much like an immune system. 

The CRISPR-Cas9 system currently stands out as the fastest, cheapest and most reliable system for ‘editing’ genes. 

CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology is being touted as one of the biggest biotechnology breakthroughs of the century.

 

Adamant Algae and Phosphorus

Nobel Literature Prize put off till 2019.नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार 201 9 तक बंद कर दिए गए है

Diphtheria

Some Important Branches Related to Medical Science.

Father of Medicine – Hippocrates

Cytology

The Study of  structure and function of cells.

Toxicology

It  Concerns with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons.

Nephrology

The study of the kidneys.

Gastroenterology

Study of  gastrointestinal tract and its diseases

Andrology

study of males (usually pertaining to diseases)

Endocrinology

the branch of medicine dealing with the endocrine glands and their secretions

Dermatology

the branch of Science Which deals with the skin and its diseases

Hepatology

the study of the liver

Gynecology

It deals with the diseases and hygiene of women, reproductive organ health.

Pediatrics

It deals with the treatment of infants and children

Psychiatry

It deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

Podiatry

It concerned with the feet.

Pathology

It Concerns with the causes and nature and effects of diseases.

Serology

It deals with serums.

Ophthalmology

It deals with with the eye and its diseases.

Oncology

the study and treatment of tumors. Cancer.

Gerontology

It deals with diseases and problems specific to old people.

Obstetrics

It deals  with childbirth and care of the mother.

Epidemology

It studies the causes of diseases.

Physiology

Study of  and dealing with the functioning of organisms

Histology

Study of  microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues

चिकित्सा के पिता -  हिप्पोक्रेट्स

कोशिका विज्ञान

कोशिकाओं का संरचना और कार्य का अध्ययन।

ज़हरज्ञान

यह जहर की प्रकृति और प्रभाव और उपचार 

नेफ्रोलॉजी

गुर्दे का अध्ययन।

गैस्ट्रोएंटरोलॉजी

जठरांत्र संबंधी मार्ग और उसके रोगों का अध्ययन

Andrology

पुरुषों का अध्ययन (आमतौर पर बीमारियों से संबंधित)

अंतःस्त्राविका

अंतःस्रावी ग्रंथियों का अध्ययन

त्वचा विज्ञान

विज्ञान की शाखा जो त्वचा और उसके रोगों से संबंधित है

हीपैटोलॉजी

जिगर का अध्ययन

प्रसूतिशास्र

यह महिलाओं के रोगों और स्वच्छता, प्रजनन अंग स्वास्थ्य से संबंधित है।

(Pediatrics )बच्चों की दवा करने की विद्या

यह शिशुओं और बच्चों के उपचार से संबंधित है

 (Psychiatry) मानसिक रोगों की चिकित्सा

यह मानसिक विकारों के निदान और उपचार से संबंधित है

 (Podiatry )पादचिकित्सा

इसका संबंध पैरों से है।

विकृति विज्ञान

यह रोगों के कारणों और प्रकृति और प्रभावों से संबंधित है।

सीरम विज्ञान

यह सीरम से संबंधित है।

Ophthalmology
नेत्र विज्ञान 

यह आंख और उसके रोगों से संबंधित है।

Oncology कैंसर विज्ञान

ट्यूमर का अध्ययन और उपचार। कैंसर।

Gerontology वृद्धावस्था

यह पुराने लोगों के लिए विशिष्ट बीमारियों और समस्याओं से संबंधित है।

Obstetrics

यह प्रसव और मां की देखभाल से संबंधित है।

Epidemology

यह रोगों के कारणों का अध्ययन करता है।

फिजियोलॉजी

जीवों के कामकाज का अध्ययन और व्यवहार

Histology

पशु या पौधों के ऊतकों की सूक्ष्म संरचना का अध्ययन  

What is Oxytocin Hormone, where it is produced and what are the uses of this hormone?

Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland. Because Hormones release into Blood Stream and Enzymes release through ducts.

Oxytocin is also known as hug hormone, cuddle chemical, moral molecule, and the bliss hormone , because of its role. this hormone also involves in the Love, and Female reproductive Functions. Such as - Childbirth and Breast-feeding.

Why in News?

Many Companies are manufacturing this hormone  synthetically and selling at very low cost which is good for a average person.
this hormone is being widely used by doctors in the case of delivery of child.
this hormone is being used in the case - if the bleeding continues after delivery of child because some part of placenta is remain attach with uterus.

Misuse of this hormone-

The hormone is being misused by dairy industry or milk man because the hormone has the ability to lactate milk.

According to research the excessive use of hormone can make cattle infertile , so it is the subject of Concern.

Conclusion- 

The ban on this hormone is not a solution because it has positive impact on indian womens , every year nearly 45000 womens die due to child birth problems. 
If government ban private companies for manufacturing this hormone this may increase the price of this hormone and also monopoly of manufacturing PSU.

Government make strong regulations instead of banning this hormone.

Eradicated disease

Eradicated disease

Smallpox

There have been only two successful global campaigns in which a disease has been eradicated. Smallpox, eradicated in 1980, happens to be the first of these. The last natural case of smallpox, according to WHO, was in 1977 in Somalia.

 

Rinderpest

The second disease to be eradicated is rinderpest. It did not affect humans, but cattle and other members of the ruminant family. It was in October 2010 that the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation announced rinderpest’s eradication after nine years of no diagnoses. It’s the only disease of livestock that has been eradicated by human effort.

Polio

While the WHO continues with its efforts to eradicate the disease, it has been eliminated in India. The South-East Asia Region was certified polio-free in March 2014, also marking polio-free existence for 80 percent of the global population.

The last polio case in India was recorded in West Bengal in 2011. In Delhi, the last case was reported in 2009. Currently, only Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria (in the entire world) have wild polio virus in active circulation.

Yaws

Yaws is a kind of chronic bacterial infection which mostly affects tribal population that inhabits remote, hilly and forest areas. It targets skin, bones and joints and was eliminated from India in September 2006.

In July 2016, India received official citation from WHO and UNICEF for being free of the disease. This milestone was reached before the WHO global target of eradicating the disease by 2020.

Maternal And Neonatal Tetanus

Along with official citation for Yaws, India was felicitated by the global health organisations for Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus (MNT) as well in July 2016. In case of deliveries in unhygienic circumstances, mothers and babies are often left vulnerable to MNT which severely affects mortality rates. Tetanus killed as many as 160,000 young children in India in 1988, according to UNICEF.

However, the disease, which can be prevented by hygienic practices, has been eliminated in India. Its elimination was officially announced in August 2015.

General Knowledge 10 Questions - 12-01-2017 ( Biology)

Q.1बीज किससे विकसित होता है?
 Whom seed develops?
 Ans- बीजाण्ड Ovules

Q.2.   जड़ें किससे विकसित होती हैं?
 Whom the roots grow?
 Ans- मूलांकुर से Radicals

Q.3.   वन अनुसंधान संस्थान कहाँ स्थित है?
 Where Forest Research Institute is located ?
 Ans- देहरादून 

Q.4.   मृदा अपरदन किससे रोका जा सकता है?
 Who can prevent soil erosion?
 Ans- पौधों को अधिक से अधिक लगाने से (Putting more and more plants)

Q5.   आलू का खाने योग्य भाग कौन-सा होता है?
 What is the edible part of the potato?
 Ans- तना stem 

Q.6. भारत का राष्ट्रीय पुष्प है What is the national flower of India ?
 Ans- Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
 

Q.7.   आर्किड के बीज होते हैं Orchid seeds are
Ans - हलके तथा शुष्क Light and dry

Q.8.   पौधे के किस भाग से कॉफी प्राप्त होती है?
Coffee is derived from which part of the plant is?

 Ans - फलो से Of fruits

Q.9.   संसार का सबसे बड़ा पुष्प कौन-सा है? 

Which is the world's largest flower? 

  Ans - रैफ़लेसिया  अर्नोल्डी Rafflesia Arnoldii 
  

   Q.10. सर्वाधिक प्रकाश-संश्लेषी क्रियाकलाप कहाँ चलता है?
 Where is the most light-photosynthetic activity happen?
 Ans - प्रकाश के नीले व लाल क्षेत्र में In the blue and red zone of light