Avichal's Blog

Tuesday, 29 January 2019

मलेरिया के नियंत्रण में भारत की भूमिका

अभी हाल ही में डब्ल्यूएचओ की मलेरिया रिपोर्ट के अनुसार भारत ने काफी अच्छा काम किया है मलेरिया को रोकने के लिए।

11 देशों में से भारत एकमात्र देश रहा जिसने मलेरिया को रोकने के लिए अहम कदम उठाए गए 2017 में भारत ने 24 परसेंट मलेरिया में कमी की है इससे यह साबित होता है कि भारत मलेरिया नियंत्रण में बाकी देशों के लिए एक रोल मॉडल पेश होगा।

2015 में हुए ईस्ट एशिया सम्मेलन में मलेरिया को रोकने के लिए भारत ने एक कड़ा फैसला लिया जिसके अनुसार उसने 2030 तक मलेरिया को देश से उखाड़ फेंकने पर बल दिया।
इसके अंतर्गत भारत ने मलेरिया के बचाव को मलेरिया के खाते में में तब्दील किया। इस प्लान के अनुसार 678 जिलों में से 571 जिलों में मलेरिया पूर्ण रूप से 2022 तक समाप्त किया जाएगा।

किसी योजनाओं को संपूर्ण करने के लिए कम से कम 10000 करोड रुपए की आवश्यकता होगी।
और इस काम को अंजाम देने के लिए सभी लोगों के साथ में मिलकर कार्य करने से कार्य पूर्ण होगा जैसे सोसायटी के लोग और फिलैंथरोपिस्ट इत्यादि।

जैसा हम जानते हैं किस स्वास्थ्य राज्य सूची के अंतर्गत आता है

राज्य सरकारों को सही तरीके से इससे निपटने के प्रयास करने चाहिए।

भारत में उड़ीसा एकमात्र ऐसा राज्य रहा जो बाकी राज्यों के लिए एक प्रेरणा स्रोत बना क्योंकि ओडिशा में 80 % मलेरिया खत्म कर दिया गया।

उड़ीसा में एक विशेष प्रकार की योजना चालू की गई जिसे दमन कहा गया।

मलेरिया के खाते में प्राथमिकता देने के साथ-साथ भारत में उड़ीसा ने काफी अच्छा योगदान दिया है।

अब बात करते हैं मलेरिया क्या है

मलेरिया एक परजीवी जनित रोग है या रोग विशेष रूप से प्रोटोजोआ से होता है जिसका नाम है प्लाज्मोडियम वाइब एक्स यह परजीवी एनाफिलीज मच्छर में रहता है जो खासकर मादा मच्छर होती है और जब यह मच्छर किसी को काटता है उस परजीवी को उस व्यक्ति के शरीर में छोड़ देता है यह जानकारी सबसे पहले डॉक्टर Ronald Ross द्वारा दी गई थी।

अगर इस रोग के लक्षण की बात करें तो सबसे पहले सर्दी लगकर बुखार आता है शरीर में काफी दर्द होता है।

इलाज
इसका इलाज क्विनीन से किया जा सकता है जो कि सिनकोना पौधे के छाल से प्राप्त किया जाता है।

Monday, 28 January 2019

Removing the roots of agriculture distress. (GS-3)

At present the main root cause of distress is a low prices of agriculture and consequently low farm incomes.

The size of farm is continuously declining due to some factors which will discuss in this paragraph.

PRICES PLAY A KEY ROLE IN AFFECTING THE INCOMES OF FARMER EVEN DURING THE GREEN REVOLUTION ALONG WITH TECHNOLOGY AND ASSOCIATED PACKAGES PRICE FACTOR WAS CONSIDERED IMPORTANT.

THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ALSO SHOWS THAT THE RISE IN PRICES FOR AGRICULTURE WAS MUCH LOWER THAN GENERAL INFLATION IN RECENT YEAR .

MARKET PRICE FOR SEVERAL AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES HAVE BEEN LOWER THAN THOSE OF MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE .

ALL THESE TRENDS SHOE THAT THE TERMS OF TRADE TO BE MOVING AGAINST AGRICULTURE IN LAST 2 YEARS.

when farmers produce more of the market demand then the market price decline.

the farm distress in recent years has been partly on account of this situation has the loss of income is beyond the ability particularly of small farmers to absorb.

suppose in a market the minimum support price for crops is the 2000 rupees for wheat and if farmers produce more than demand so obviously the local buyers will buy the wheat below the 2000 rupees so in this case the farmer will be in loss that's why government should give compensation to the farmers because this kind of gap between the prices will not encourage to the farmer so government has to take a strict strategy to procure all the produce by farmers.

So the alternative is limited procurement scheme under this scheme the government will will procure the ‘excess’, leaving the normal production level to clear the market at remunerative price.

Thus procurement will continue until the market price rise to touch the MSP.

The suggested limited procurement system will not work if the MSP is fixed at a level to which the market price will never rise.

There are cost involved which will go up as production increase above the average level the government can sell the procured grain in later years or use them in a welfare programs.

This all solution is a temporary there is a permanent solution which can be a market reforms that will enable better price Discovery combined with long term trade policy is favorable to exports the creation of a competitive stable and unified national market is needed for farmers to get better price agricultural markets have witnessed only limited reforms they are characterized by inefficient physical operations excessive crowding of intermediaries and fragmented market change due to this farmers are deprived of their share of price paid by final consumer.

States have also not shown any urgency in reforming agricultural markets for better price for farmers agriculture has to go beyond farming and develop a value chain comprising farming, wholesaling ,warehousing, logistic, processing and retailing.

The second issue is low productivity-

Obviously the productivity depends upon the basis of seeds ,fertilizers ,credit, land and water management and technology which is very important similarly investment in infrastructure and research and development are also needed.

water is the leading input in agriculture because more than 60% of irrigation water is consumed by two crops that is rice and sugarcane basically it is not investment alone but efficiency in water management in both canal and groundwater that is important.

India use up to three times the water used to produce 1 ton of grain, in countries such as Brazil China and US this implies that water use efficiency can be improved significantly with better use of technologies that include drip irrigation.

Yields of several crops are lower in India when compared to several other countries. technology can help to reduce 'yield gap ' and improve productivity .

Government policies have been biased towards serials particularly rice and wheat there is a need to make a shift from rice and wheat centric policies to millet pulses fruits vegetables livestock and fish.

III issue is land size-

The shrinking size of farms which is also responsible for low incomes and farmers distress .

the average size of farm holding declined from 2.3 hectare in 1977-71 to 1.08 in 2015- 16

the share of small and marginal farmer increased from 70 % in 1988-81 to 86% in 2015- 16 .

the average size of marginal holding is only 0.38 hectare less than 1 acre.

due to lack of opportunities many farmers such as small farmers cannot leave agriculture they can get only Partial income from the non- farm sector in this context a consolidation of land Holdings becomes important to raise farmer income.

we need to have policies for land consolidation along with land development activities in order to tackle the challenge of the low average size of holding.

Farmers can reap the economy of scale both input procurement and output marketing.

To conclude farmers distress is due to low price and low productivity.the suggestions we have made such as limited procurement measures to improve low productivity and consolidation of land Holdings to gain the benefits of size can help in reducing agrarian distress we need a long term policy to tackle the situation.

Let's first discuss about what is GVA that means gross value added-

GVA is a measure of total output and income in the economy it provides the rupee value for the amount of goods and services produced in an economy after reducing the cost of inputs and raw material that have gone into the production of those goods and services it also gives a sector specific picture like what is the growth in area industry or sector of an economy.

Or

gross value added that is GVA is the measure of the value of goods and services produced in an area industrial sector of economy.

What is CPI consumer price index

CPI measures change in the price level of market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households.

What is market basket.

market basket or we can say commodity bundle is a fixed list of items in given proportion used specifically to track the progress of inflation in an economy or specific market.

Friends in India inflation is measured in the WPI but Raghuram Rajan took charge as RBI governor and he introduced CPI based inflation measurement so currently inflation in India is measured by CPI that is consumer price index and is it is thought that it is good.