some facts

ü  पेरिप्लैनेटा (कॉकरोच) आर्थोपोड़ा संघ का ज्तु है।

ü  मच्छरों में मुख उपांग भेदन एवं प्रचुषण प्रकार का होता है।

ü  कॉकरोच में उत्सर्जी अंग मैलपीधी नलिकाएँ होती हैं।

ü  कॉकरोच के हृदय में कक्षों की संख्या 13 होती है।

ü  पीत ज्वर मादा ऐडीज से; वूचीरेयिया बैन्क्रोफ्टाई माइक्रोफाइलेरिया मादा क्यूलेक्स मच्छर से ; मलेरिया- मादा ऐनफेलीज; तथा टैंगू जावर-ऐडीज ऐजिप्टाई द्वारा फैलाया जाता है।

ü  कॉकरोच तथा केंचुवा रात्रिचर और सर्वाहारी जन्तु है।

ü  कॉकरोच हीमं हीमोग्लोबिन विहिन ‘खुला रुधर परिसंचरण तंत्र’ पाया जाता है। जिसका प्रमुख कार्य अवशोषित पोषद पदार्थों का वितरण होता है।

ü  बिच्छू : यह आर्थोपोड़ा संघ का जन्तु है। जिसके चार जोड़ी पैर, दो बड़े मध्यवर्ती तथा 2 से 5 जोड़ी छोटे पाश्र्व नेत्र एवं बुक-लन्गस द्वारा श्वसन होता है। इसके पुच्छदण्ट का पश्च भाग डंकनुमा होता है। इसके छोर पर विष ग्रन्थियाँ खुलती हैं। देहगुहा हीमोसाएनिन युक्त हल्के नीले रूधिर से भरी हीमोसील है। यह एक लिंगी जन्तु है। मैथन से पहले प्रणयनिवेदन नाच करता है मैथुन के बाद मादा प्राय: नर को मारकर खा जाती है। निषेचन एवं भ्रणीय विकास मादा के शरीर में। मादा एक बार में 2-3 दर्जन शिशुओं को जन्म देती है।

ü  केकड़ा : यह आर्थोपोड़ा संघ का जन्तु है। इसका शरीर चौड़ा व चपटा

-सा, पृष्ठतल की ओर खण्डों में या सिर, वक्ष एवं उदर भागों मे विभेदित दिखायी नहीं देता, क्योंकि सिर और वक्ष भाग में विेभेदित दिखायी नहीं देता, क्योंकि सिर और वक्ष भाग मिलकर बड़ा व चौड़ा-सा शिरेवश्र बना लेते हैं। वृन्तों पर एक जोड़ी संयुक्त नेत्र होते हैं। वक्ष के अन्तिम 5 जोड़ी उपांग लम्बे चलन-पाद पहली जोड़ी के पाद शिकार को पकड़ने तथा शत्रु से लड़ने हेतु बड़े, मजबूत व सँडसीयुक्त चौड़े शिरोलक्ष तथा लम्बे पादों द्वारा केकड़े पक्षवर्ती गमन कर सकते हैं। उदर उपांग अविकसित। नर में केवल दो जोड़ी उदर-उपांग मैथुन अंगों के रूप में तथा मादा में 4 जोंडी उदर-उपांग अण्डों को साधने के लिए रूपान्तरित। श्वसन जल-क्लोमें द्वारा। एकलंगी। जीवनृ-वृत में जूइया नामक शिशु प्रावस्था। इसके कायान्तरण में वयस्क है।

ü  टिड्डी : संघ-आर्थोपोड़ा; शरीर सिर, वङ तथा उदर में विभक्त; सिर पर एक जोड़ी ऐन्टिनी, एक जोड़ी बड़े संयुक्त नेत्र, तीन जोड़ी छोटे सरल नेत्र तथा भोजन को कुतरने एवं चबाने वाले मुख-उपांग। इनकी कई श्रेणिया एवं जातियाँ संसार भर मे खुले, हरे मैदानों, खेतों, बगीचों आदि में घास-फूस पर पायी जाती हैं। खेतों के लिए हानिकारक। कुछ के सदस्य सीमित क्षेत्रों मे एकाकी कुछ के यूथचारी एवं भ्रमणशील और ये बड़े-बड़े टिड्डी दल बनाकर मीलों उड़ते हैं. देहगुहा रक्त या हीमोलिम्फ से भरी हीमोसील रक्त में श्वसन रंगा नहीं। श्वसन श्वास नालों द्वारा। श्वास रन्ध्रों की 10 जोडियाँ, उदर भाग में। पहले 4 जोड़ी रन्ध्रों में अन्त:श्वास तथा अन्तिम 6 जोड़ी रन्ध्रों से उच्छ्वास होता है। उत्सर्जन मुख्यत: मैल्पीघी नलिकाओं द्वारा। नर एवं मादा के बाह्य जननांग अपेक्षाकृत सरल। र में केवल एक बड़ा शिसन तथा मादा मे तीन जोड़ी काइटिनयुक्त अण्डनिक्षेपण प्रवर्ध। प्रवर्धों द्वारा मादा भूमि में गड्ढे खोदकर अण्डे देती है।

ü  कोलोसल स्कविडस 12-18 मीटर लम्बा सबसे बड़ा अकशेरूकी जन्तु है। इनकी मोटाई 6 मीटर तक तथा भार कई-कई टन तक होता है। यह मोलस्का संघ के अन्तर्गत आते है.

ü  कनखजूरा, सहस्रपाद, पॉरोपस, आर्थोपोडा संघ के जन्तु है।

ü  समुद्रीय प्रकृति में बहुत से जीव एवं कीट स्वयं प्रकाश उत्पन्न करते हैं। प्राणियों द्ारा स्वयं प्रकाश उत्पन्न करने की इस क्षमता को ‘जीपदीप्ति’ कहते है।

ü  जीव पदार्थ में कार्बोहाइट्रेटसकी मात्रा 1 प्रतिशत होती है, परन्तु पृथ्वी पर कार्बोहाइट्रेट्स ही सबसे अधिक पाए जाने वाले कार्बनक पदार्थ होते हैं। ये मानव आहार के प्रमुख घटक और समस्त जीवों के लिए ऊर्जा के प्रमुख स्त्रोत होते है।

ü  मोनोसैकेराइड- सरलतम् कार्बोहाइड्रेट्स, अपचायक, अधिककांश मीठे, अणुओं में 3 से 7 कार्बन परमाणु। हेक्सोज एवं पेव्टोज मोनोसैकेराइड्स- ग्लूकोस (अंगूर की शर्करा) तथा फ्रक्डोस (फलों की शर्करा)।

ü  ग्लूकोस- रुधिर शर्करा; ईंधन पदार्थ (सभी जीवों में ऊर्जा का मक्य स्त्रोत)।

ü  फ्रक्टोस- सबसे मीठी प्राकृतिक शर्करा। मधुमेह के रोगियों के लिए इससे 235 गुणा अधिक मीठी कृत्रिम शर्करा- सैकरीन।

ü  सर्वाश्रेष्ठ पेन्टोज मोनोसैकेराइड्स- राइबोस (आर एन ए में) तथा डीऑक्सीराइबोस (डी एऩ ए) मैं।

ü  बहुलकीकरण  में मोनोसैकेराइड अणुओं को जोड़ने वाला बन्ध- ग्लाइकोसिडिक बन्ध।

ü  ओलिगोसैकेराइड्स- माल्टोस (ग्लूकोस + ग्लूकोस) अनाज (मुख्यतः जौ) में, लैक्टोस (ग्लूकोस + गैलेक्टोस) दूध में तथा सुक्रोस (ग्लूकोस + फ्रक्टोस) गन्ने में। किण्वन द्वारा माल्टोस से जौ की मदिरा तथा लैक्टोस से दही बनता है। मालटोस और लैक्टोस अपचायक।

ü  पोलीसैकेराइड्स- अनेक मोनोसैकेराइड इकाइयाँ समान इकाइयों के होमोपोलीसैकेराइड्स तथा असमान इकाइयों के हिटरोपोली-सैकेराइड्स।

ü  होमोपोलीसैकेराइड्स- संचयात्मक (मण्ड, ग्लाइकोजन, डेक्स्ट्रॉन) तथा संरचनात्मक (सेलुलोस, काइटिन, आदि)

ü  हिटरोपोलीसैकेराइड्स- जीव शरीर में बाह्यकोशिकीय अवलम्बन होतु संयोजी ऊतों की श्लेष्मी पोलीसैकेराइड्।

UPSC IAS Zoology Paper First- 2015

QUESTION PAPER SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS:

 Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions.

 There are EIGHT questions divided in Two Sections and printed both in HINDI and m ENGLISH. Candidate has to attempt FIVE questions in all.

 Question Nos. 1 and 5 are compulsory and out of the remaining, THREE are to be attempted choosing at least ONE from each section.

The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it .

 Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) Booklet in the space provided.

 No marks will be given for answers written in medium other than the authorized one. Word limit in questions, wherever specified, should be adhered to.

 Illustrate your answers with suitable sketches and diagrams, wherever considered necessary.

Attempts of questions shall be counted in sequential order. Unless struck off, attempt of a question shall be counted even if attempted partly.

Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer book must be clearly struck off.

SECTION – A

1.Answer the following in about 150 words each :.

1.(a) What are minor phyla ? Enlist minor phyla with suitable examples. 10

1.(b) What is Jatinga bird mystry ? Is it related with bird migration ? Explain. 10

1.(c) ‘Herdmania is a primitive and degenerate descendent of ancestral chordates’. Explain. 10

1.(d) Apis is known for social behaviour. Discuss. 10

1.(e) Polychaetes exhibit different modes of life adapted to habitats. Elaborate the statement. 10

2.(a) Give an account of locomotion in Protozoa indicating locomotor organelle with . suitable examples. ' 15

2.(b) What are corals and coral reefs ? Describe different types of coral reefs and their formation indicating different theories. 15

2.(c) Enumerate functions and main components of endoskeleton of vertebrates. Give an account of types of jaw suspensoria in vertebrates with suitable diagrams. 20

3.(a) Discuss parasitism in ‘Copepoda’. Comment on structural peculiarities of parasitic copepods. 15

3(b) Give an illustrated account of the reproductive system, life history and development of Asterias. 15

3(c) Give an account of locomotion in Pisces indicating the role of muscles and fins. How do some fish fly ? Comment. 20

4.(a) ‘Sphenodon is the most primitive and crocodilians are most advanced of all living Reptiles’. Discuss the statement. 15

4.(b) Give an account of fresh water, egg laying and pouched mammals with suitable examples. 15

4.(c) Give an account of gills and accessory respiratory organs in vertebrates with suitable examples.

SECTION ‘B ’

5. Answer the following in about 150 words each: 10x5=50

5.(a) What is ‘Ganga action planr ? Explain. 10

5.(b) Explain the role of pheromones in alarm spreading. 10

5.(c) "Biotechnology is a vital tool in modem forensic science’. Comment. 10

5.(d) Differentiate between one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Comment on its applications in biostatistics. 10

5.(e) Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss. 10

6.(a) Discuss social hierarchies in Primates. 15

6.(b) What is meant by distribution ? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.

6.(c) What are biogeochemical cycles? Discuss nitrogen cycle indicating the role of atmospheric N-fixation, the role of bacteria and the impact of human activity. 20

7.(a) What is chromosome painting ? Comment on its principles and scope. , 15

7.(b) Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural eutrophication. Suggest measures for abatement of water degradation. 15

7.(c) Define biodiversity hot-spot and mention the criteria of its selection. Write about biodiversity hot-spots of the Indian sub-region giving their salient features. 20

8.(a) What is Euphenics ? Explain its use for improvement of human welfare. 15

8.(b) Discuss the status and scope of prawn culture in India. Mention commercially viable and cultivable species of fresh water and brackish water prawns. 15

8.(c) What are transgenic animals ? How are they produced ? Explain their contributions to human welfare. Comment on ethical concerns in relation to transgenesis. • 20

UPSC CSE Mains Zoology Syllabus

Paper - I: Zoology

1. Non-chordata and Chordata:



(a) Classification and relationship of various phyla upto subclasses: 

• Acoelomate and Coelomate,

• Acoelomate animals, like flatworms, have no body cavity at all. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and body wall hold their organs in place.

The term "coelom" derives from the Ancient Greek word  (koília), meaning "cavity"

The coelom is the main body cavity in most animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs. In developed animals, it is lined with mesothelium. In other animals, such as molluscs, it remains undifferentiated

• Protostomes and Deuterostomes, 

In protostomes, mouth develops from blastopore.
in deuterostomes, anus develops from blastopore.

What is blastopore ?
Ans- An opening into the archenteron during the embryonic stages of an organism.

What is archenteron?
Ans-  the rudimentary alimentary cavity of an embryo at the gastrula stage.

What is Gastrulation?
Ans - Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.

• Bilateria and Radiata; 

What is Bilateria ?
The Bilateria or  bilaterians, or triploblasts, are animals with bilateral symmetry, i.e., they have a head (anterior) and a tail (posterior) as well as a back (dorsal) and a belly (ventral);

What is Radiata  ?
Radiata or Radiates is a historical taxonomic rank that was used to classify animals with radially symmetric body plans.

• Status of Protista, 

• Parazoa, 

Parazoa is the animal sub-kingdom that includes organisms of the phyla Porifera and Placozoa. Sponges are the most well known parazoa. They are aquatic organisms classified under the phylum Porifera with about 15,000 species worldwide.

• Onychophora and Hemichordata; Symmetry.

Onychophora, commonly known as velvet worms or more ambiguously as peripatus, is a phylum of elongate, soft-bodied, many-legged panarthropods.

Hemichordate is a phylum of marine deuterostome animals, generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms. 

(b) Protozoa: 

• Locomotion,

•  nutrition,

•  reproduction,

•  sex;

• General features and life history of Paramaecium, 

• Monocystis,

•  Plasmodium and Leishmania.

(c) Porifera: 

• Skeleton,

•  canal system and reproduction.

(d) Cnidaria: 

• Polymorphism,

•  defensive structures and their mechanism; 

• coral reefs and their formation; metagenesis;

• general features and life history of Obelia and Aurelia.

(e) Platyhelminthes: 

• Parasitic adaptation; 

• general features and life history of Fasciola and Taenia and their pathogenic symptoms.

(f) Nemathelminthes: 

• General features, 

• life history, 

• parasitic adaptation of Ascaris and Wuchereria.

(g) Annelida: 

• Coelom and metamerism;

• modes of life in polychaetes; 

• general features and life history of Nereis, earthworm and leach.

(h) Arthropoda: 

• Larval forms and parasitism in Crustacea;

•  vision and respiration in arthropods (Prawn, cockroach and scorpion); 

• modification of mouth  parts in insects (cockroach, mosquito, housefly, honey bee and butterfly);

•  metamorphosis in insect and its hormonal regulation, social behaviour of Apis and termites.

(i) Mollusca:

• Feeding, 

• respiration, 

• locomotion, 

• general features and life history of Lamellidens, 

• Pila and Sepia, 

• torsion and detorsion in gastropods.

(j) Echinodermata: 

• Feeding,

•  respiration,

•  locomotion,

•  larval forms,

•  general features and life history of Asterias.

(k) Protochordata: 

• Origin of chordates;

• general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.

(l) Pisces: 

• Respiration,

• locomotion and migration.

(m) Amphibia: 

• Origin of tetrapods,

•  parental care,

•  paedomorphosis.

(n) Reptilia:

• Origin of reptiles,

•  skull types,

•  status of Sphenodon and crocodiles.

(o) Aves: 

• Origin of birds,

•  flight adaptation,

•  igration.

(p) Mammalia: 

• Origin of mammals, 

• dentition, 

• general features of egg laying mammals,

•  pouched-mammals,

•  aquatic mammals and primates,

•  endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.

(q) Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates 

• integument and its derivatives,

• endoskeleton,

•  locomotory organs,

•  digestive system,

•  respiratory system,

•  circulatory system including heart and aortic arches,

•  urino-genital system, brain and sense organs (eye and ear).

2. Ecology:

(a) Biosphere:

↡

• Concept of biosphere;

The biosphere, (from Greek bios = life, sphaira, sphere) is the layer of the planet Earth where life exists.

•  Biomes,

Biomes are very large ecological areas on the earth's surface, with fauna and flora (animals and plants) adapting to their environment. 

• Biogeochemical cycles,

Biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. 

• Human induced changes in atmosphere including green house effect, 

• Ecological succession, 

Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. The time scale can be decades (for example, after a wildfire), or even millions of years after a mass extinction.

• biomes and Ecotones, 

An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).

• Eommunity ecology. 

Community ecology or synecology is the study of the interactions between species in communities on many spatial and temporal scales, including the distribution, structure, abundance, demography, and interactions between coexisting populations.

(b) Concept of ecosystem;

Structure and function of ecosystem, 

An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.

From the structure point of view, all ecosystems consist of the following basic components:

1. Abiotic components

2. Biotic components

Types of ecosystem, 

• Forest Ecosystems. 
• Grassland Ecosystems. 
• Desert Ecosystems. 
• Tundra Ecosystems. 
• Freshwater Ecosystems. 
• Marine Ecosystems. etc

Ecological succession, 

Ecological adaptation.

All adaptations help organisms survive in their ecological niches. The adaptive traits may be structural, behavioural or physiological. Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism, such as shape, body covering, armament, and internal organization.

(c) Population; 

↓

Characteristics, 

Population dynamics, 

Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies the size and age composition ofpopulations as dynamical systems, and the biological and environmental processes driving them (such as birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration).

Population stabilization.

Population stabilisation is a stage when the size of the population remains unchanged.

(d) Biodiversity and diversity conservation of natural resources.

(e) Wildlife of India.

↓

Wildlife of India. India is home to a variety of animal life. ... It is home to Bengal and Indochinese tigers, Asiatic lions, Indian and Indochinese leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, various species of Deer, including Chital, Hangul, Barasingha; the Indian Elephant, the Great Indian Rhinoceros, and many others.

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted for protection of plants and animal species. Before 1972, India only had five designated national parks. Among other reforms, the Act established schedules of protected plant and animal species; hunting or harvesting these species was largely outlawed.

(f) Remote sensing for sustainable development.

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What is Remote Sensing ?

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography, land surveying and most Earth Science disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology, meteorology, oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications.

(g) Environmental biodegradation, pollution and its impact on biosphere and its prevention.

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Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or non point source pollution. In 2015, pollution killed 9 million people in the world.

3. Ethology:

What is Ethology ?

Ans-  Ethology, from the Greek ethos (“behavior" or "manner”), is the study of animal behavior.

(a) Behaviour:

Sensory filtering, 

Reponsive-ness, 

Sign stimuli, 

Learning and memory, 

Instinct, 

Habituation, 

Conditioning, 

Imprinting - Imprinting, in psychobiology, a form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object.

(b) Role of hormones in drive; 

Role of pheromones in alarm spreading;

Crypsis, - crypsis is the ability of an animal to avoid observation or detection by other animals.

Predator detection, - Animals use a number of behavioral strategies to enhance the probability of predator detection.

Predator tactics, 

Social hierarchies in primates, 

Social organization in insects.

(c) Orientation, navigation, homing, biological rhythms, biological clock, tidal, seasonal and circadian rhythms.

↱In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" in fruit flies.

(d) Methods of studying animal behaviour including sexual conflict, selfishness, kinship and altruism.

 Altruism is the unselfish concern for other people;

4. Economic Zoology:

(a) 

Apiculture,


sericulture, 


lac culture,
 

carp culture --  Carp culture is the oldest form of aqua culture known to the world. 

pearl culture, 


prawn culture,
 

vermiculture.



(b) Major infectious and communicable diseases (malaria, filaria, tuberculosis, cholera and AIDS) their vectors, pathogens and prevention.

(c) Cattle and livestock diseases, their pathogen (helminthes) and vectors (ticks, mites, Tabanus, Stomoxys).

(d) Pests of sugar cane (Pyrilla perpusiella) oil seed (Achaea janata) and rice (Sitophilus oryzae).

(e) Transgenic animals.


(f) Medical biotechnology, human genetic disease and genetic counselling, gene therapy.

(g) Forensic biotechnology.

5. Biostatistics: 

(Biostatistics is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.)

Designing of experiments; null hypothesis; correlation, regression, distribution and measure of central tendency, chi square, student-test, F-test (one-way & two-way Ftest).

6. Instrumentation Methods: